Glimmer Index
Plus $4/mo

GPT-4.1

OpenAI · Released Apr 14, 2025 · Closed weights

Long-lived GPT workhorse for coding, instruction following, and production apps

Strongest at
Writing
Top 44% of the past year's models · one benchmark so far
Price per 1M tokens
$2 / $8
input / output · OpenAI
Context window
1.05M
tokens in · 32.8K out
Since the last one
336 days
after GPT-4o
Lab announcement ↗Open in the timeline

Capability profile

Scored against 91 models released in the past year. 50 is the average model; further out is better.

This modelMedian of the past year
5090Median of the past yearCoding: 36 · Better than 11%Writing: 57 · Top 44%Reasoning: 35 · Better than 10%Math: 35 · Better than 4%Science: 44 · Better than 2%CodingWritingReasoningMathScience
Coding36Better than 11%
Writing57Top 44% · 1 test
Reasoning35Better than 10%
Math35Better than 4%
Science44Better than 2%

No results yet: Reading & documents, Visual reasoning, Computer use

Where these scores come from

Each capability combines the published benchmarks listed here, rescaled so 50 is the reference average and 15 points is one standard deviation. A hollow dot rests on a single benchmark.

Price against capability

The shaded corner holds anything better and cheaper. Prices blend input and output 3 to 1.

16 models from the past year score higher on Writing for less: Muse Spark 1.3, Gemini 3.8 Flash, GLM-5.3 and 13 more.

$0.3$1$3$10204060Kimi K3.1 Pro: 70, $4 per 1MClaude Haiku 5.5: 46, $0.2 per 1MMistral Large 4: 41, $2.06 per 1MGemini 4 Argon: 63, $4 per 1MGPT-6.1 Sol: 64, $4 per 1MClaude Sonnet 5.5: 55, $4 per 1MGPT-6 Sol: 61, $4 per 1MGPT-6 Luna: 22, $0.2 per 1MClaude Opus 5.5: 65, $8 per 1MGrok 4.7: 64, $3 per 1MDeepSeek V4.1 Flash: 56, $0.21 per 1MGPT-6 Astra: 69, $20 per 1MMuse Spark 1.3: 65, $2 per 1MGemini 3.8 Flash: 65, $1.5 per 1MClaude Fable 5.1: 69, $20 per 1MGLM-5.3-Flash: 15, $0.24 per 1MDeepSeek V4 Flash Vision Exp: 56, $0.32 per 1MQwen3.8 27B: 52, $1.12 per 1MGLM-5.3: 65, $2.15 per 1MGemini 3.7 Flash: 61, $1.5 per 1MDeepSeek V4 Pro 0813: 49, $0.99 per 1MQwen3.8 2.4T A95B: 62, $3 per 1MGrok 4.6: 44, $3 per 1MMuse Glimmer 30B: 59, $0.52 per 1MMuse Spark 1.2: 62, $2 per 1MQwen3.8 Max: 57, $3 per 1MDeepSeek V4 Flash 0731: 52, $0.15 per 1MClaude Opus 5: 64, $10 per 1MGemini 3.6 Flash: 63, $1.5 per 1MGemini 3.5 Flash Lite: 53, $0.85 per 1MKimi K3: 64, $6 per 1MGPT-5.6 Terra: 57, $4.5 per 1MGPT-5.6 Sol: 65, $8 per 1MGPT-5.6 Luna: 53, $0.45 per 1MGrok 4.5: 44, $3 per 1MClaude Sonnet 5: 57, $4 per 1MGLM-5.2: 55, $2.15 per 1MKimi K2.7 Code: 23, $1.71 per 1MClaude Fable 5: 68, $20 per 1MClaude Opus 4.8: 62, $10 per 1MQwen3.7 Max: 48, $3.75 per 1MGemini 3.5 Flash: 56, $3.38 per 1MDeepSeek V4 Pro: 54, $1.19 per 1MDeepSeek V4 Flash: 52, $0.18 per 1MGPT-5.5: 64, $11.2 per 1MQwen3.6 27B: 16, $1.35 per 1MKimi K2.6: 56, $1.71 per 1MQwen3.6 Max Preview: 44, $2.92 per 1MGrok 4.3: 29, $1.56 per 1MGrok Build 0.1: 43, $1.25 per 1MClaude Opus 4.7: 61, $10 per 1MMuse Spark 1.1: 58, $2 per 1MGLM-5.1: 56, $2.15 per 1MGemma 4 31B IT: 54, $0.25 per 1MGemma 4 26B A4B IT: 51, $0.14 per 1MQwen3.6 Plus: 31, $1.12 per 1MGPT-5.4 nano: 49, $0.46 per 1MGPT-5.4 mini: 52, $1.69 per 1MGPT-5.4: 63, $5.62 per 1MGemini 3.1 Flash Lite Preview: 43, $0.56 per 1MQwen3.5 35B-A3B: 39, $0.69 per 1MQwen3.5 27B: 52, $0.82 per 1MQwen3.5 122B-A10B: 47, $1.1 per 1MGemini 3.1 Pro Preview: 57, $4.5 per 1MClaude Sonnet 4.6: 57, $6 per 1MQwen3.5 397B-A17B: 59, $1.35 per 1MGLM-5: 60, $1.55 per 1MClaude Opus 4.6: 56, $10 per 1MKimi K2.5: 62, $1 per 1MGLM-4.7: 58, $1 per 1MGemini 3 Flash Preview: 49, $1.12 per 1MGPT-5.2 Codex: 46, $4.81 per 1MGPT-5.2: 59, $4.81 per 1MMistral Large 3: 38, $0.75 per 1MMinistral 3 14B: 28, $0.2 per 1MDeepSeek V3.2: 49, $0.32 per 1MKimi K2 Thinking: 61, $1.07 per 1MGPT-4.1: 57, $3.5 per 1MGPT-4.1Price per 1M tokens →↑ Writing$1$10204060Kimi K3.1 Pro: 70, $4 per 1MClaude Haiku 5.5: 46, $0.2 per 1MMistral Large 4: 41, $2.06 per 1MGemini 4 Argon: 63, $4 per 1MGPT-6.1 Sol: 64, $4 per 1MClaude Sonnet 5.5: 55, $4 per 1MGPT-6 Sol: 61, $4 per 1MGPT-6 Luna: 22, $0.2 per 1MClaude Opus 5.5: 65, $8 per 1MGrok 4.7: 64, $3 per 1MDeepSeek V4.1 Flash: 56, $0.21 per 1MGPT-6 Astra: 69, $20 per 1MMuse Spark 1.3: 65, $2 per 1MGemini 3.8 Flash: 65, $1.5 per 1MClaude Fable 5.1: 69, $20 per 1MGLM-5.3-Flash: 15, $0.24 per 1MDeepSeek V4 Flash Vision Exp: 56, $0.32 per 1MQwen3.8 27B: 52, $1.12 per 1MGLM-5.3: 65, $2.15 per 1MGemini 3.7 Flash: 61, $1.5 per 1MDeepSeek V4 Pro 0813: 49, $0.99 per 1MQwen3.8 2.4T A95B: 62, $3 per 1MGrok 4.6: 44, $3 per 1MMuse Glimmer 30B: 59, $0.52 per 1MMuse Spark 1.2: 62, $2 per 1MQwen3.8 Max: 57, $3 per 1MDeepSeek V4 Flash 0731: 52, $0.15 per 1MClaude Opus 5: 64, $10 per 1MGemini 3.6 Flash: 63, $1.5 per 1MGemini 3.5 Flash Lite: 53, $0.85 per 1MKimi K3: 64, $6 per 1MGPT-5.6 Terra: 57, $4.5 per 1MGPT-5.6 Sol: 65, $8 per 1MGPT-5.6 Luna: 53, $0.45 per 1MGrok 4.5: 44, $3 per 1MClaude Sonnet 5: 57, $4 per 1MGLM-5.2: 55, $2.15 per 1MKimi K2.7 Code: 23, $1.71 per 1MClaude Fable 5: 68, $20 per 1MClaude Opus 4.8: 62, $10 per 1MQwen3.7 Max: 48, $3.75 per 1MGemini 3.5 Flash: 56, $3.38 per 1MDeepSeek V4 Pro: 54, $1.19 per 1MDeepSeek V4 Flash: 52, $0.18 per 1MGPT-5.5: 64, $11.2 per 1MQwen3.6 27B: 16, $1.35 per 1MKimi K2.6: 56, $1.71 per 1MQwen3.6 Max Preview: 44, $2.92 per 1MGrok 4.3: 29, $1.56 per 1MGrok Build 0.1: 43, $1.25 per 1MClaude Opus 4.7: 61, $10 per 1MMuse Spark 1.1: 58, $2 per 1MGLM-5.1: 56, $2.15 per 1MGemma 4 31B IT: 54, $0.25 per 1MGemma 4 26B A4B IT: 51, $0.14 per 1MQwen3.6 Plus: 31, $1.12 per 1MGPT-5.4 nano: 49, $0.46 per 1MGPT-5.4 mini: 52, $1.69 per 1MGPT-5.4: 63, $5.62 per 1MGemini 3.1 Flash Lite Preview: 43, $0.56 per 1MQwen3.5 35B-A3B: 39, $0.69 per 1MQwen3.5 27B: 52, $0.82 per 1MQwen3.5 122B-A10B: 47, $1.1 per 1MGemini 3.1 Pro Preview: 57, $4.5 per 1MClaude Sonnet 4.6: 57, $6 per 1MQwen3.5 397B-A17B: 59, $1.35 per 1MGLM-5: 60, $1.55 per 1MClaude Opus 4.6: 56, $10 per 1MKimi K2.5: 62, $1 per 1MGLM-4.7: 58, $1 per 1MGemini 3 Flash Preview: 49, $1.12 per 1MGPT-5.2 Codex: 46, $4.81 per 1MGPT-5.2: 59, $4.81 per 1MMistral Large 3: 38, $0.75 per 1MMinistral 3 14B: 28, $0.2 per 1MDeepSeek V3.2: 49, $0.32 per 1MKimi K2 Thinking: 61, $1.07 per 1MGPT-4.1: 57, $3.5 per 1MGPT-4.1Price per 1M tokens →↑ Writing

OpenAI $2 / $8 · OpenRouter $2 / $8 · Cached input $0.5

Since GPT-4o

8 releases in the GPT-5.5 line.

GPT-4Nov 6, 2023189dGPT-4oMay 13, 2024336dGPT-4.1Apr 14, 2025115dGPT-5Aug 7, 202598dGPT-5.1Nov 13, 202528dGPT-5.2Dec 11, 202584dGPT-5.4Mar 5, 2026
Released336 days later
Price in / out$2 / $8−20%
Context1.05M8.2×

A newer release is out: GPT-5.5.

ECI STANDING#138 of 270
SCORE136.65133.57–138.34 CI
FRONTIER LAGLaunched 3.9 months behindScores about what o1 did in December 2024.
SCORES LIKE THESE MODELS
Qwen3-30B-A3B-Instruct (Jul 2025)Alibaba · Jul 2025137.27
GPT-4.5OpenAI · Feb 2025136.65
Qwen3-30B-A3BAlibaba · Apr 2025136.11Qwen3-8BAlibaba · Apr 2025136.06
Full Epoch Capabilities Index ranking ↗

Epoch benchmark boards

Best result on each board it has run. The tick marks the leader.

MATH level 5
83%#27 of 98
GeoBench
72%#13 of 28
Fiction.LiveBench
64%#28 of 58
CadEval
42%#8 of 15
WeirdML
39%#93 of 141
SimpleQA Verified
31%#63 of 85
SimpleBench
27%#75 of 89
ARC-AGI-2
0%#89 of 103
4 more boards
ARC-AGI
6%#100 of 107
FrontierMath-Tiers-1-3-v2-Private
6%#85 of 90
Chess Puzzles
3%#89 of 93
SWE-Bench verified
48%#31 of 32

OpenAI's past year

24 release days in the past year, about one every 15 days. The next is expected around Nov 8, 2026. Forecasts ↗

NovDecJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNov

Specifications

RELEASE DATEApr 14, 2025
WEIGHTSClosed weights
CONTEXT WINDOW1.05M
MAX OUTPUT32.8K
REASONINGNot listed
TOOL CALLINGNot listed
INPUTStext, image/jpeg, image/png, image/gif, image/webp, application/pdf
OUTPUTStext

Models.dev record ↗

Specifications and prices from Models.dev; availability and limits may differ by provider. Benchmarks from Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), LiveBench and the other sources named above.