Glimmer Index
Plus $4/mo

o3

OpenAI · Released Apr 16, 2025 · Closed weights
Latest o3

Deliberate o-series reasoner for hard math, coding, and multi-step analysis

Strongest at
Writing
Top 42% of the past year's models · 2 of 4 benchmarks
Price per 1M tokens
$2 / $8
input / output · OpenAI
Context window
200K
tokens in · 100K out
Since the last one
216 days
after o1
Lab announcement ↗Open in the timeline

Capability profile

Scored against 91 models released in the past year. 50 is the average model; further out is better.

This modelo1Median of the past year
5090Median of the past yearCoding: 50 · Better than 32%Writing: 57 · Top 42%Reasoning: 54 · Better than 39%Math: 52 · Better than 35%Science: 56 · Better than 20%o1: 60o1: 43o1: 44o1: 49CodingWritingReasoningMathScience
Coding50−9.7Better than 32%
Writing57Top 42%
Reasoning54+10.9Better than 39%
Math52+7.6Better than 35%
Science56+7.3Better than 20%

No results yet: Reading & documents, Visual reasoning, Computer use

Where these scores come from

Each capability combines the published benchmarks listed here, rescaled so 50 is the reference average and 15 points is one standard deviation. A hollow dot rests on a single benchmark.

Price against capability

The shaded corner holds anything better and cheaper. Prices blend input and output 3 to 1.

16 models from the past year score higher on Writing for less: Muse Spark 1.3, Gemini 3.8 Flash, GLM-5.3 and 13 more.

$0.3$1$3$10204060Kimi K3.1 Pro: 70, $4 per 1MClaude Haiku 5.5: 46, $0.2 per 1MMistral Large 4: 41, $2.06 per 1MGemini 4 Argon: 63, $4 per 1MGPT-6.1 Sol: 64, $4 per 1MClaude Sonnet 5.5: 55, $4 per 1MGPT-6 Sol: 61, $4 per 1MGPT-6 Luna: 22, $0.2 per 1MClaude Opus 5.5: 65, $8 per 1MGrok 4.7: 64, $3 per 1MDeepSeek V4.1 Flash: 56, $0.21 per 1MGPT-6 Astra: 69, $20 per 1MMuse Spark 1.3: 65, $2 per 1MGemini 3.8 Flash: 65, $1.5 per 1MClaude Fable 5.1: 69, $20 per 1MGLM-5.3-Flash: 15, $0.24 per 1MDeepSeek V4 Flash Vision Exp: 56, $0.32 per 1MQwen3.8 27B: 52, $1.12 per 1MGLM-5.3: 65, $2.15 per 1MGemini 3.7 Flash: 61, $1.5 per 1MDeepSeek V4 Pro 0813: 49, $0.99 per 1MQwen3.8 2.4T A95B: 62, $3 per 1MGrok 4.6: 44, $3 per 1MMuse Glimmer 30B: 59, $0.52 per 1MMuse Spark 1.2: 62, $2 per 1MQwen3.8 Max: 57, $3 per 1MDeepSeek V4 Flash 0731: 52, $0.15 per 1MClaude Opus 5: 64, $10 per 1MGemini 3.6 Flash: 63, $1.5 per 1MGemini 3.5 Flash Lite: 53, $0.85 per 1MKimi K3: 64, $6 per 1MGPT-5.6 Terra: 57, $4.5 per 1MGPT-5.6 Sol: 65, $8 per 1MGPT-5.6 Luna: 53, $0.45 per 1MGrok 4.5: 44, $3 per 1MClaude Sonnet 5: 57, $4 per 1MGLM-5.2: 55, $2.15 per 1MKimi K2.7 Code: 23, $1.71 per 1MClaude Fable 5: 68, $20 per 1MClaude Opus 4.8: 62, $10 per 1MQwen3.7 Max: 48, $3.75 per 1MGemini 3.5 Flash: 56, $3.38 per 1MDeepSeek V4 Pro: 54, $1.19 per 1MDeepSeek V4 Flash: 52, $0.18 per 1MGPT-5.5: 64, $11.2 per 1MQwen3.6 27B: 16, $1.35 per 1MKimi K2.6: 56, $1.71 per 1MQwen3.6 Max Preview: 44, $2.92 per 1MGrok 4.3: 29, $1.56 per 1MGrok Build 0.1: 43, $1.25 per 1MClaude Opus 4.7: 61, $10 per 1MMuse Spark 1.1: 58, $2 per 1MGLM-5.1: 56, $2.15 per 1MGemma 4 31B IT: 54, $0.25 per 1MGemma 4 26B A4B IT: 51, $0.14 per 1MQwen3.6 Plus: 31, $1.12 per 1MGPT-5.4 nano: 49, $0.46 per 1MGPT-5.4 mini: 52, $1.69 per 1MGPT-5.4: 63, $5.62 per 1MGemini 3.1 Flash Lite Preview: 43, $0.56 per 1MQwen3.5 35B-A3B: 39, $0.69 per 1MQwen3.5 27B: 52, $0.82 per 1MQwen3.5 122B-A10B: 47, $1.1 per 1MGemini 3.1 Pro Preview: 57, $4.5 per 1MClaude Sonnet 4.6: 57, $6 per 1MQwen3.5 397B-A17B: 59, $1.35 per 1MGLM-5: 60, $1.55 per 1MClaude Opus 4.6: 56, $10 per 1MKimi K2.5: 62, $1 per 1MGLM-4.7: 58, $1 per 1MGemini 3 Flash Preview: 49, $1.12 per 1MGPT-5.2 Codex: 46, $4.81 per 1MGPT-5.2: 59, $4.81 per 1MMistral Large 3: 38, $0.75 per 1MMinistral 3 14B: 28, $0.2 per 1MDeepSeek V3.2: 49, $0.32 per 1MKimi K2 Thinking: 61, $1.07 per 1Mo3: 57, $3.5 per 1Mo3Price per 1M tokens →↑ Writing$1$10204060Kimi K3.1 Pro: 70, $4 per 1MClaude Haiku 5.5: 46, $0.2 per 1MMistral Large 4: 41, $2.06 per 1MGemini 4 Argon: 63, $4 per 1MGPT-6.1 Sol: 64, $4 per 1MClaude Sonnet 5.5: 55, $4 per 1MGPT-6 Sol: 61, $4 per 1MGPT-6 Luna: 22, $0.2 per 1MClaude Opus 5.5: 65, $8 per 1MGrok 4.7: 64, $3 per 1MDeepSeek V4.1 Flash: 56, $0.21 per 1MGPT-6 Astra: 69, $20 per 1MMuse Spark 1.3: 65, $2 per 1MGemini 3.8 Flash: 65, $1.5 per 1MClaude Fable 5.1: 69, $20 per 1MGLM-5.3-Flash: 15, $0.24 per 1MDeepSeek V4 Flash Vision Exp: 56, $0.32 per 1MQwen3.8 27B: 52, $1.12 per 1MGLM-5.3: 65, $2.15 per 1MGemini 3.7 Flash: 61, $1.5 per 1MDeepSeek V4 Pro 0813: 49, $0.99 per 1MQwen3.8 2.4T A95B: 62, $3 per 1MGrok 4.6: 44, $3 per 1MMuse Glimmer 30B: 59, $0.52 per 1MMuse Spark 1.2: 62, $2 per 1MQwen3.8 Max: 57, $3 per 1MDeepSeek V4 Flash 0731: 52, $0.15 per 1MClaude Opus 5: 64, $10 per 1MGemini 3.6 Flash: 63, $1.5 per 1MGemini 3.5 Flash Lite: 53, $0.85 per 1MKimi K3: 64, $6 per 1MGPT-5.6 Terra: 57, $4.5 per 1MGPT-5.6 Sol: 65, $8 per 1MGPT-5.6 Luna: 53, $0.45 per 1MGrok 4.5: 44, $3 per 1MClaude Sonnet 5: 57, $4 per 1MGLM-5.2: 55, $2.15 per 1MKimi K2.7 Code: 23, $1.71 per 1MClaude Fable 5: 68, $20 per 1MClaude Opus 4.8: 62, $10 per 1MQwen3.7 Max: 48, $3.75 per 1MGemini 3.5 Flash: 56, $3.38 per 1MDeepSeek V4 Pro: 54, $1.19 per 1MDeepSeek V4 Flash: 52, $0.18 per 1MGPT-5.5: 64, $11.2 per 1MQwen3.6 27B: 16, $1.35 per 1MKimi K2.6: 56, $1.71 per 1MQwen3.6 Max Preview: 44, $2.92 per 1MGrok 4.3: 29, $1.56 per 1MGrok Build 0.1: 43, $1.25 per 1MClaude Opus 4.7: 61, $10 per 1MMuse Spark 1.1: 58, $2 per 1MGLM-5.1: 56, $2.15 per 1MGemma 4 31B IT: 54, $0.25 per 1MGemma 4 26B A4B IT: 51, $0.14 per 1MQwen3.6 Plus: 31, $1.12 per 1MGPT-5.4 nano: 49, $0.46 per 1MGPT-5.4 mini: 52, $1.69 per 1MGPT-5.4: 63, $5.62 per 1MGemini 3.1 Flash Lite Preview: 43, $0.56 per 1MQwen3.5 35B-A3B: 39, $0.69 per 1MQwen3.5 27B: 52, $0.82 per 1MQwen3.5 122B-A10B: 47, $1.1 per 1MGemini 3.1 Pro Preview: 57, $4.5 per 1MClaude Sonnet 4.6: 57, $6 per 1MQwen3.5 397B-A17B: 59, $1.35 per 1MGLM-5: 60, $1.55 per 1MClaude Opus 4.6: 56, $10 per 1MKimi K2.5: 62, $1 per 1MGLM-4.7: 58, $1 per 1MGemini 3 Flash Preview: 49, $1.12 per 1MGPT-5.2 Codex: 46, $4.81 per 1MGPT-5.2: 59, $4.81 per 1MMistral Large 3: 38, $0.75 per 1MMinistral 3 14B: 28, $0.2 per 1MDeepSeek V3.2: 49, $0.32 per 1MKimi K2 Thinking: 61, $1.07 per 1Mo3: 57, $3.5 per 1Mo3Price per 1M tokens →↑ Writing

OpenAI $2 / $8 · OpenRouter $2 / $8 · Cached input $0.5

Since o1

2 releases in the o3 line.

o1Sep 12, 2024216do3Apr 16, 2025
Released216 days later
Price in / out$2 / $8−87%
Context200Ksame
Coding50−9.7
Reasoning54+10.9
Math52+7.6
Science56+7.3
ECI STANDING#76 of 270
SCORE146.73144.83–148.52 CI
FRONTIER LAGLaunched in the leadNothing released before it had scored higher.
SCORES LIKE THESE MODELS
MiniMax-M3MiniMax · Jun 2026146.87
Qwen3.5 397B-A17BAlibaba · Feb 2026146.8Claude Sonnet 4.5Anthropic · Sep 2025146.74
MiniMax-M2.5MiniMax · Feb 2026146.59
Full Epoch Capabilities Index ranking ↗

Epoch benchmark boards

Best result on each board it has run. The tick marks the leader.

MATH level 5
98%#4 of 98
CadEval
74%#1 of 15
Fiction.LiveBench
89%#6 of 58
VPCT
52%#7 of 29
SimpleQA Verified
49%#29 of 85
WeirdML
52%#49 of 141
METR Time Horizons
65%#15 of 42
DTBench
85%#64 of 179
14 more boards
OTIS Mock AIME 2024-2025
84%#81 of 216
Mystery Game Puzzles
29%#33 of 88
GPQA diamond
82%#90 of 234
GeoBench
74%#11 of 28
Chess Puzzles
37%#41 of 93
SimpleBench
53%#41 of 89
ARC-AGI
61%#56 of 107
CL-bench
18%#12 of 21
ARC-AGI-2
6%#60 of 103
GSO-Bench
9%#22 of 35
GDPval
31%#7 of 11
DeepResearch Bench
45%#17 of 26
FrontierMath-Tiers-1-3-v2-Private
33%#67 of 90
SWE-Bench verified
62%#27 of 32

OpenAI's past year

24 release days in the past year, about one every 15 days. The next is expected around Nov 8, 2026. Forecasts ↗

NovDecJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNov

Specifications

RELEASE DATEApr 16, 2025
WEIGHTSClosed weights
CONTEXT WINDOW200K
MAX OUTPUT100K
REASONINGNot listed
TOOL CALLINGNot listed
INPUTStext, image/jpeg, image/png, image/gif, image/webp, application/pdf
OUTPUTStext

Models.dev record ↗

Specifications and prices from Models.dev; availability and limits may differ by provider. Benchmarks from Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), LiveBench and the other sources named above.